The difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. (for the eight a,b,c please write and make 5 questions on each example)

Perbedaan Analytical and Hortatory Exposition

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

ü Social function/fungsi sosial: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain/untuk membujuk pembaca atau pendengar bahwa sesuatu bisa menjadi masalah, untuk menganalisa/menjelaskan sebuah masalah.

ü Generic Structure/Struktur:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position.)

2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence).

3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented).

Jenis teks ini di awali dengan

·        THESIS, yaitu pendapat kalian tentang suatu masalah. Biasanya di awali dengan kalimat I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, etc. Setelah kalian menuliskan thesis atau pendapat,

·        kalian harus menuliskan ARGUMENTS, yaitu argumen-argumen atau alasan-alasan yang disertai dengan fakta dan bukti-bukti yang relevan sehingga pendengar atau pembaca terpengaruh dengan argumen yang kalian kemukakan. Biasanya dimulai dengan Firstly, Nest, Third, The last, etc.

·        Untuk mengakhiri teks, kalian harus menuliskan REITERATION, yaitu simpulan dari thesis dan arguments yang telah kalian bicarakan sebelumnya. Kalian bisa mengungkapkannya melalui kalimat In my conclusion, To conclude, From the facts above, we can conclude that, etc.

ü Language features:

 Emotive words such as : alarmed,ü worried.

 Words that qualify statements such as: usualü probably

 Words that link arguments such as: firstlüy, however, on the other hand, therefore.

 Usually present tenseü

 Compound and complex sentencesü

ü Example: Text 1.

Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.

Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.

Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.

Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.

Make 5 questions!

Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit.

Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.

Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies

Notes on the generic structure of this example of analytical exposition

As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This thesis places the writer’s position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.

Dalam mengungkapkan pendapat, kalian pasti berusaha untuk meyakinkan lawan bicara agar mau mengikuti apa yang kalian inginkan. Makanya kalian juga akan memberikan argumen-argumen yang kuat untuk mendukung opini kalian sehingga lawan bicara bisa terpengaruh dan mengiyakan pendapat kalian.

Jadi, untuk membedakan teks Analytical Exposition dengan teks lainnya adalah di lihat dari isi dan tujuannya. The social function is to persuade by presenting arguments. Tujuannya adalah untuk membujuk pendengar atau pembaca sehingga mereka mau mengikuti keinginan kalian. Teks ini berisi tentang argumen atau alasan.

Contoh:

I personally think learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.

Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory.

Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample.

Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time reference.

In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution.

Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.

From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.

Coba perhatikan teks di atas. Kalian pasti sudah tau kan yang mana thesis, argument dan reiteration.

I personally think (thesis)

Firstly, Secondly, Furthermore, In addition, Last but not least (arguments)

From the elaboration above (reiteration)

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

I. Teks ini hampir sama dengan Analytical Exposition, dapat ditemukan pada berbagai macam surat maupun artikel yang bersifat membujuk, mempengaruhi misalnya surat pembaca, promosi, surat terbuka dan lain-lain.

II. Struktur susunan teks
* Thesis *
Berisi issue atau topic permasalahan yang diangkat sebagai pokok persoalan, serta posisi penulis terhadap persoalan tersebut.

* Arguments *
Serangkaian alasan yang mendukung ide penulis.

* Recommendation *
Berisi anjuran, nasihat atau apa yang seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya dilakukan menanggapi persoalan yang diangkat.

The generic structure is as follow:

Thesis; thesis is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by certain fact and argument. In the end, it can be true or false

Arguments; this is the phase which try to examine and support that the thesis stated above is true.

Recommendation; this is what should or should not be done in the hortatory text. This recommendation is differentiating from analytical exposition.

III. Language features / ciri-ciri kebahasaan
* Generic participant. Obyek, pokok persoalan bersifat umum.

* Terdapat action verb, kata kerja tindakan

* Menggunakan mental process, missal : think, feel, understand dsb.

* Simple present tense

IV.Tujuan Komunikatif
Membujuk, mempengaruhi dan menganjurkan kepada pembaca, pendengar bahwa sesuatu seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya menjadi permasalahan.

To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case.

Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but if we have to differentiate both from one to each other, we have one useful tool by making analysis on the generic structure. What makes hortatory different from analytical exposition is the last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended by a reiteration while hortatory is finalized by certain a recommendation.

V. CONTOH TEKS.

Higher Education for Woman

In this modern era, there are still some parents who are reluctant about sending their daughter to college. Such narrow attitude shown to woman higher education is largely due to the traditional role of woman in society. A woman is expected just to be a wife and a mother most parents believe that if their daughter gets married and chooses to be a housewife, then the higher education will be a waste. However an educated woman does not only make a better wife abut also contributer better thing to the large society.

Nowadays more women are successfully combining their career and marriage. Educated women are richer both emotionally and financially. They are able to find an outlet for monotonous drudgery of their housekeeping. They bring more satisfaction and contentment to their lives.

Depriving girl of higher education is crash discrimination. Time has changed. Modern society need the talents of its people regardless of gender. Today women work alongside men. In fact, in the last few decades women have made outstanding contributions to society.

Woman should be given the freedom to be educated whether they get married or go to work after finishing their education because it is only through education that a woman will find herself useful and discover what she wants in life. A woman who work is not an insult to her husband. Conversely, her husband should feel proud of her achievement since marriage is actually an equal partnership. Therefore, parents should not think that girls should receive less education just because they will get marriage one day.

Make 5 questions!

Example II

Why Should Wearing a Helmet when Motorcycling

We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people taking spill on motorcycle when they are riding without using helmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess.

Wearing a fitted protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative aspects of riding. First and the most important is that wearing the correct helmet can save a rider's life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The recommended designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They not only protect riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also from flying bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles.

Second, wearing a helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the opportunity for rider to express the image they may want to project when riding on they way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to others, it means a lot and important. By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all of the various styles, such as beanie, shorty, German, and many others, wearing a helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road.

However, what most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it properly. Bikers should use the helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not good if they places simply the helmets on the head without settling them properly. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in order to get safe and comfort.

ü How can we see the generic structure of the hortatory example above?

Thesis: the importance of wearing helmet which is stated in the first paragraph

Argumentative: Wearing helmet gives a total protection and giving a chance in imaging self which presented in the second paragraph.

Recommendation: Bikers should wear helmet properly to get the benefits.

Make 5 questions!

Teks hortatory exposition berisi tentang teks yang mengemukakan alasan-alasan dengan tujuan untuk membujuk pendengar atau pembaca agar mau mengikuti apa yang dikemukakan penulis. Dalam pelajaran bahasa Indonesia kita tentu sudah mengenal teks persuasi, yang sama isinya dengan teks hortatory.

Teks hortatory di awali dengan Thesis, yaitu menuliskan opini penulis tentang suatu masalah. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan argumen, yaitu alasan-alasan yang mendukung pendapat penulis. Terakhir, menuliskan saran atau nasihat.

Contoh Teks hortatory dalam bentuk surat:

Dear Editor,

We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons.
First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes.
Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not.
Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someone’s favourite.
For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to people’s favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels.

David

Make 5 questions!

Coba perhatikan teks di atas. Paragraf pertama berisi thesis, yang dilanjutkan dengan arguments (alasan) di paragraf 2, 3, dan 4. Paragraf ke 5 berisi tentang recommendation (saran). Isi dari paragraf terakhir inilah yang membedakan teks horatatory dan analytical.

NARRATIVE TEXT

The Old Grandfather and His Grandson

      Once upon a time there was a very old grandfather. His eyes were almost blind, his ears were deaf, and his knees shook. When he sat at the table, he could not hold a spoon strongly. He spilled soup on the tablecloth. Beside this, some of his soup would run back out of his mouth.

      His son and his son's wife were annoyed by this. Finally, they made the old grandfather sit in the corner behind the stove. They gave him not enough food in a clay bowl. He sat there and looked sadly at the table. He was almost crying.

     One day the old grandmother could not hold the bowl because his hands were too weak. The bowl fell to the ground and broke. The woman scolded. However, the old grandfather did not say anything. He could only cry. Then, they bought him a wooden bowl and made him eat from it.

     Once when they were all sitting there, the four year old grandson put some pieces of wood together on the floor. His father asked him what he was doing. The little grandson said that he was making a little through for his father and mother to eat from when he was big.

     The man and the woman looked at one another. They began to cry. They brought the old grandfather to the table immediately. Since then, they always let him eat there. If he spilled a little, they did not say anything.

Answer the questions!

1. How did the old grandfather's son and his son's wife treat him?

2. How did the old grandfather feel about his son's and his son's wife's behaviour toward him?

3. What did the old grandfather 's son and his son's wife do after they realized their mistake?

4. What is the antonym of the word "weak"?

5. What is the synonym of the word " enough"?

Biography of Someone

Albert Einstein

           

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.

During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

            Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.

(From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967)

            Questions:

1.      What is the text mainly about?

2.      How was his childhood?

3.      How old was he when his family moved to Munich?

4.      When did he earn his doctorate degree?

5.      What does ‘a similar post’ in the second paragraph refer to?

6.      Why did he move to the United States?

7.      Did he accept the position in State Presidency of Israel?

8.      What does the word ‘them’ in “… determination to solve them” refer to?

9.      Find the meanings of these words:

·         schooling

·         post

·         spare time

·         renounce

·         retire

·         decline

·         determination




Recount is a text which has social function to retell events for the purpose of informing.
 Read the following text carefully.
           Last summer, the writer went to Italy. He visited museums. He sat in a public garden, and a friendly waiter taught him a few Italian words. He thought about postcards yesterday. His holiday passed quickly. On the last day, he got up early and bought 37 cards. He was in his room all day, but he did not write a single card.

(Modified from Alexander, 1990)

 

When you tell about what happened in the past, it means that you make a recount text. A recount text has the following text structure:

Orientation: provides the setting and introduces participants

                        The writer went to Italy.

        

         Events: tell what happened, in what sequence

                   He visited museums.

                        He sat in a public garden.

                        He thought about postcards yesterday.

                        His holiday passed quickly.

                        He got up early and bought 37 cards.

        Re-orientation: presents optional-closure of events

He was in his room all day, but he did not write a single card.

Procedure text

Writing a Procedure Text 

• 1. TEXT COMPOSITION GENRE
• 2. DEFINITION TEXT is a unit of language expressing meaning contextually Text Limitation is not measured from the contained numbers of sentences or pages Text must consist of the expressed meaning and covered context Text must be compossed with the following pattern : Introduction^Content^Closing Text / Composition belongs to Traditional Grammar Genre belongs to Functional
• 3. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR AND FUNCTIONAL L is a source of composing meaning L is a thing we do L is a set of rule to make sentence L is a thing we know Language View Semantic Syntax Examined Language grade All Text Sentence Analysis Unit How the meaning of a text is made How a sentence must be composed Main Knowledge FUNCTIONAL TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR
• 4. DIFFICULT ? WE DO NOT KNOW The Problem Goal / Achievement The way of expressing an idea Structure Vocabulary
• 5. Writing a Procedure Text By Asep Supriadi, S.Pd
• 6. Set a Goal, Decide the Aim States the purpose of the text ie. How to write a newspaper articles How to make healthy, delicious salad How to take care of your wife(s)? : )
• 7. Mention the Materials used or Needed List things used, equipment needed, substances required, or object being investigated to achieve the goal set
• 8. Explain the Steps to Achieve the Goal Mention the actions necessary, listed in order, to complete the experiment or procedure Steps are written on a separate lines and each of them is written as a command
• 9. The Language Component of A Procedure Text Action Verb , The verb relating to physic or intellectual activities Usually the action verb comes at the beginning of the sentence (Imperative) ie. Plug the cable… Sometimes the sentence begins with a time marker which tells us the order of the steps (Connective of Sequence) then, while, next ie. First , take a deep breath Sometimes the sentence begins with a word, phrase, or clause which tells us when to do the step : ie. When the spot is dry, record the time it has taken Sometimes the sentence begins with a word, phrase, or clause which tells us how to do the step: ie. With a cloth, take the hot saucepan Numbering, Number showing us the order of the activities Passive Voice ( Tobe + V3 )
• 10. HOW TO OPERATE THE COMPUTER Connect the cable into electricity plug Press the button “Power” on CPU Press the button “Power” on Monitor to display Image Click “Start” Choose the program you need
• 11. HOW THE COMPUTER IS OPERATED The cable is connected into electricity plug The button ”Power” on CPU is pressed The button “Power” on monitor is pressed “ Start” is clicked The program you need is chosen
• 12. HOW THE COMPUTER IS OPERATED When the computer is operated, First, the cable is connected into electricity plu. Second, the button “Power” on CPU is pressed. Next, the image is displayed when the button “Power” on monitor is pressed. Then, “Start” is clicked. Finally, The program you need is chosen
• 13. PRACTISE HOW TO OPERATE WASHING MACHINE HOW DRESS IS MADE HOW TO MAKE BLACK FOREST HOW DIGITAL CAMERA IS OPERATED HOW TO CHARM A GIRL
• 14.  
• 15. Text Type: Procedural Recount Written to record a procedure Procedural recounts have four stages: 1. aim which states the specific purpose 2. record of event which list the actions that happened 3. result which shows the result of the experiment 4. conclusion which states the findings of the experiment
• 16. The Language Component of Procedural Recounts Present tense is often used in Procedural Recount Conclusion is usually written in the present tense. This is because the results of the experiments are seen to be always true
• 17. Sample Text Text 1. How to make water evaporate faster First collect the beaker and the petri dish. Collect about 300 ml of water in the beaker. Pour some water into petri dish. Put the sponge in the petri until completely saturated. Squeeze the excess water from the sponge until it stops driiping. Next, carefully press the wet sponge against the chalboard until there is a water spot about 5 cm in diameter on the board. Make another water spot of equal size at some distance from the first spot. Fan the first spot with the piece of cardboard. Do not fan the other water spot. With the watch, time how long it takes each water spot to dry Finally, write down the drying times Text 2 We wanted to grow beans, so we went to the shop and bought a packet of bean seeds. Then we brought them home and planted them in the garden. We watered them every few days and when when they grew we picked them. Then we sent them to the fruit market. Someone bought them and took them home and ate them.